THE DIGITAL age has ushered in a transformative era for Southeast Asia, particularly in its relationship with China. The rapid proliferation of technology has created unprecedented opportunities for economic growth, social development, and cultural exchange. However, it also presents significant challenges, particularly concerning issues of cybersecurity, cybercrime, data sovereignty, and geopolitical influence.
China’s investment in digital infrastructure across Southeast Asia, is best seen in consumer goods and services. Almost every important tech brand in the region–Huawei, Oppo, Xiaomi, CATL, Byte Dance, Alibaba are Chinese in origin. The expansion of e-commerce platforms, digital payment systems, and high-speed internet access has unlocked vast economic potential, creating new markets and empowering small businesses.
The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) exemplifies this digital-driven trade expansionism.
Chinese EV manufacturers, such as BYD and SAIC, have made significant inroads into Southeast Asian markets like the Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia. This not only reduces carbon emissions but also deepens economic ties with China, creating jobs and fostering technological transfer.
However, the growing reliance on Chinese technology and digital infrastructure raises concerns about data security, privacy, and potential geopolitical leverage. The concentration of data in Chinese-controlled platforms and networks leaves Southeast Asian nations vulnerable to cyberattacks, espionage, and potential manipulation of information.
China’s assertive stance in territorial disputes in the South China Sea has further amplified these concerns. The fear is that Beijing could leverage its digital dominance to exert political pressure, influence domestic affairs, and undermine regional stability. In the Philippines, this is particularly evident in the ongoing disputes over the West Philippine Sea.
China’s expansionism in the area is met with growing apprehension, and their digital influence is used to manipulate narratives surrounding these disputes.
The proliferation of disinformation and propaganda through digital channels has also become a major challenge. State-sponsored actors, including those linked to China, have been accused of manipulating online narratives to sow discord, undermine trust in democratic institutions, and advance their geopolitical agendas.
In a series of major blows to cybercrime, international law enforcement agencies have dismantled two significant botnets, both linked to Chinese nationals, highlighting the growing threat of state-sponsored and independent cybercriminal activities emanating from China. In May 2024, authorities arrested Yunhe Wang, the alleged administrator of 911.S5, a massive botnet implicated in financial fraud, identity theft, and child exploitation.
Just a month prior, the FBI disrupted the KV Botnet, which had compromised hundreds of U.S. routers and was suspected of being controlled by a Chinese national with ties to the Chinese government. These operations underscore the increasing sophistication and global reach of cybercrime originating from China, raising concerns about data security, privacy, and national security.
Social media platforms are rife with troll farms and coordinated disinformation campaigns that aim to deflect criticism of China’s actions, promote pro-Beijing narratives, and silence dissenting voices. This manipulation of public opinion poses a significant threat to democratic processes and regional stability.
Southeast Asian nations find themselves at a critical juncture, navigating the complex interplay between the opportunities and risks of digital engagement with China. A balanced approach is essential, one that leverages the benefits of digital cooperation while mitigating potential vulnerabilities.
Firstly, Southeast Asian governments must prioritize investment in cybersecurity infrastructure and data protection measures. This includes developing robust legal frameworks, strengthening institutional capacity, and fostering public awareness about online threats. Additionally, countering disinformation requires a multi-faceted approach involving media literacy programs, fact-checking initiatives, and collaboration with tech companies to detect and remove fake accounts and malicious content.
Secondly, diversification of digital partnerships is crucial. Overreliance on a single provider, such as China, can create dependencies that undermine national sovereignty. Engaging with a wider range of international partners, including the US, Japan, and European nations, can ensure a more resilient and secure digital ecosystem.
Thirdly, regional cooperation on cybersecurity and data governance is imperative. ASEAN should establish a unified front to address common threats, share information, and develop coordinated responses to cyberattacks and disinformation campaigns.
Finally, diplomatic engagement with China is essential. Open and transparent dialogue can help build trust, establish clear rules of engagement in the digital sphere, and address concerns related to territorial disputes and geopolitical influence. While economic cooperation is beneficial, it should not come at the cost of compromising national sovereignty or regional stability. A firm stance on territorial disputes, backed by international law and regional solidarity, is crucial in safeguarding the interests of Southeast Asian nations.
